racial bias
— A distortion arising from systemic, institutional, interpersonal or individual forms of explicit (conscious) or implicit (unconscious) prejudice against individuals or groups based on social constructs of race or ethnicity that influences the planning, methods, results, interpretation, dissemination and application of health research.; … (read more)
random allocation
(randomization, random selection)
— The process of assigning participants in a study to treatment comparison groups using a chance process, like drawing lots, to protect against bias.; … (read more)
randomization, stratified see stratified randomization
(stratification, stratified allocation)
— The process of assigning participants in a study to treatment comparison groups based on characteristics (strata) thought to affect their prognosis; … (read more)
randomized study
(randomized control trial, RCT, randomized trial, randomized controlled trial (should not be used))
— A category of studies comparing two or more treatments in which random allocation is used to assign participants to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
recall bias
— Systematic error due to differences in accuracy or completeness of recall to memory of past events or experiences.; … (read more)
reference standard test
(gold standard, reference test)
— The best available method of determining whether people have a condition; … (read more)
referral filter bias
— Referral of any group of unwell people from primary to secondary to tertiary care, causing an increase in the concentration of rare cases, more complex cases or people with worse outcomes.; … (read more)
regulation of research
— Processes used to assess whether proposed research is scientifically defensible, ethical, and worthwhile; … (read more)
relative effect
— The ratio of outcome measures in one treatment comparison group compared to another in a study; … (read more)
reliability
— The extent to which a claim or evidence about a treatment effect is trustworthy; … (read more)
repeated measures study
— A type of non-randomized study, similar to an interrupted time series study, in which outcomes are measured in the same participants at multiple time points; … (read more)
reporting bias
(publication bias)
— A systematic distortion that arises from the selective disclosure or withholding of information by parties involved in the design, conduct, analysis, or dissemination of a study or research findings.; … (read more)
reproducibility
(repeatability, replicability)
— The extent to which the results of studies are confirmed in the results of subsequent studies; … (read more)
research
— The use of systematic and explicit methods to address questions; … (read more)
research data
(empirical data, empirical evidence)
— Information gathered in studies to help address research questions, such as assessing treatment effects; … (read more)
research evidence
(research findings, research results)
— The findings of studies, including systematic reviews; … (read more)
research methods
(methods)
— The systematic and transparent steps and protocols researchers follow to address research questions; … (read more)
resource use
— In treatment comparisons, all the important items and people used to deliver a treatment, and which may differ between the treatment comparison groups in a study; … (read more)
review biases
— Occurs in diagnostic test accuracy studies when the person interpreting the results of the index test has knowledge of the results of the reference standard (diagnostic review bias), or, the person interpreting the results of the reference standard has knowledge of the results of the index test (index review bias). Clinical review bias occurs when relevant clinical and patient information is available to the person interpreting the test or reference result. These are all forms of observer bias.; … (read more)
risk of bias
— The likelihood of there being a systematic error (bias) that distorts an effect estimate in treatment comparisons.; … (read more)
risk ratio
(RR, relative risk)
— The likelihood of an outcome in one treatment comparison group divided by the likelihood in another; … (read more)