case report
(case study)
— A study describing one person with a particular health condition, often covering the course of the problem before and after treatment; … (read more)
case series
— A study describing several people with a particular health condition, often covering the course of the problem before and after treatment; … (read more)
case-control study
(matched pair study)
— A type of non-randomized study comparing the characteristics of people with a particular health condition (cases) with the characteristics of people without that condition (controls), to find what may have caused the problem; … (read more)
causal association
(causal relationship)
— Association between two variables where a change in one makes a change in the other one happen; … (read more)
causality, causation, or attributability
— Any cause-and-effect relation between the use of medicine and an observed event; generally expressed as a probability and compared with other possible causes; the casual link can be direct or indirect, contingent on other factors, or contributory.; … (read more)
see CEBM ONLY TERM
(demo)
— This is a term that only exists on the CEBM build of GET-IT; … (read more)
certainty of the evidence
(confidence in the effect estimate, quality of the evidence, strength of the evidence)
— An assessment of how good an indication research effect evidence provides of the likely effect of a treatment; i.e. the likelihood that the actual effect will not be substantially different from what the research found; … (read more)
certainty of the evidence, high see high certainty of the evidence
(high confidence in the effect estimate, high quality of the evidence, high strength of the evidence)
— The research provides a very good indication of the likely effect of a treatment. The likelihood that the actual effect will be substantially different from this is low; … (read more)
certainty of the evidence, low see low certainty of the evidence
(low confidence in the effect estimate, low quality of the evidence, low strength of the evidence)
— The research provides some indication of the likely effect. However, the likelihood that the actual effect will be substantially different is high; … (read more)
certainty of the evidence, moderate see moderate certainty of the evidence
(moderate confidence in the effect estimate, moderate quality of the evidence, moderate strength of the evidence)
— The research provides a good indication of the likely effect of a treatment. The likelihood that the actual effect of the treatment will not be substantially different is moderate; … (read more)
certainty of the evidence, very low see very low certainty of the evidence
(very low confidence in the effect estimate, very low quality of the evidence, very low strength of the evidence)
— The research does not provide a reliable indication of the likely effect. The likelihood that the actual effect will be substantially different is very high; … (read more)
chance, play of see play of chance
(random error)
— In treatment comparisons, a type of error that may affect the results because too few events or outcomes have been observed to provide a reliable measure of the treatment effects; … (read more)
change in cost
(incremental cost, difference in cost)
— The additional cost, for example, of a treatment in relation to a specified comparison treatment; … (read more)
see Clinical equipoise
— The concept that there is no knowledge of one of the provided treatments being better than the control or other intervention treatments.; … (read more)
cluster
(group)
— Pre-existing (natural) groups - whose members have an identifiable feature in common ( e.g. attending the same school) - that are allocated as a unit to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
cluster randomized study
(cluster randomized trial, cluster randomized controlled trial, group randomized trial)
— A treatment comparison in which pre-existing groups of people (e.g. hospitals) are randomly allocated to one or more treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
cohort study
(longitudinal study, prospective study, retrospective study)
— A type of non-randomized study in which defined groups of people (cohort) are followed up over time to explore the effects of treatments or other factors that may affect health outcomes; … (read more)
comparing like with like
(group equivalence)
— In treatment comparisons, making sure that groups of participants being compared in a study are as similar as possible in all ways other than the treatments being compared.; … (read more)
confidence interval see margin of error
(CI, margin of error,)
— A measure of uncertainty due to the play of chance; … (read more)
confidence region
— An area within which the actual values of two or more variables are likely to lie; … (read more)
confirmation bias
(myside bias)
— Bias resulting from the tendency to search for, or interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing ideas, and leads to incorrect conclusions.; … (read more)
conflicts of interests
(conflicting interests, vested interests)
— Vested interests (financial or academic) that may compromise a person’s objectivity in designing, conducting or interpreting research; … (read more)
confounders
(confounding factors)
— In treatment comparisons, any factors other than the treatments being compared which may affect the health outcomes being measured; … (read more)
contamination
— In treatment comparisons, the inadvertent application of a treatment allocated to one comparison group to people in another comparison group; … (read more)
controlled before-after study
(controlled before and after study, CBA study,)
— A type of non-randomized study in which outcomes are measured before and after a treatment, both in a group that receives the treatment and in another comparison group; … (read more)
cost
(opportunity cost)
— The value of the resources that are consumed (e.g. staff time, drugs, use of equipment) as the consequences of an action, such as a treatment choice; … (read more)
cost-effectiveness ratio, incremental see incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
(ICER)
— The difference in cost of two treatments being compared in a study in relation to the difference in their effects; … (read more)
critical assessment
(critical appraisal, critical review)
— Judging the risk of bias, results and applicability of evidence; … (read more)
cross-sectional study
(disease frequency survey, prevalence study)
— A study measuring the distribution of a health condition, or other characteristics in a population at a particular point in time; … (read more)
crossover study
(crossover trial)
— A type of randomized study in which the effects of two or more treatments are compared by giving them in different order (determined randomly) to each participant; … (read more)
cut-off value
(cut-off point, cut point, threshold)
— For diagnostic or screening tests, the value used to divide continuous results into categories; typically positive and negative; … (read more)